Chapter 13 & 14

Connection: 

1. 5’ end when describing DNA is the end of the stand that has no amino acids bonding to the stand and it is low in electronegativity. The reason that the 5’ DNA is low in electronegativity is because electronegativity is attached to amino acids and hence when the DNA strand is done, it no longer attracts the amino acids.

2.  A start codon is the codon at which translation of mRNA into protein starts and it encodes the first amino acid. The groups of these amino acids are different for each organism and vary from each other however they still work together. Similarly, incomplete dominance works the same for there are traits that are not all similar, yet they work together, mixing, to make another combination of traits.

3. Semiconvsevative replication means that half of each parent molecule would be present in each daughter molecule. The barr body is the inactive sex chromosome in a male or female. Therefore because there is an inactive sex chromosome, the chromosome goes through the process of replication by going through semiconservative chromosome.

4. RNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA and this copying occurs the place that the RNA is located in which is the nucleolus.

5. DNA polymerase is the enzyme which is responsible for replicating DNA. By replicating the DNA it is necessary that the enzyme forms glycosidic linkages between itself and the amino acid to start the replication process.

6. Helicases are a class of enzymes that are necessary for all living organisms and it is required for DNA unwinding. The G2 karyotupe shows the condense replicated DNA which is what the helicases break down.

Essentials: 

1. The antiparallelism shown in the 5’3’ pattern is the reason that DNA polymerase moves away from the 3’5’ strand. They move in different directions, therefore being deemed as antiparallelism. The DNA plymearse goes back to the replication fork and keeps on creating new segments hence the complication is solved.

2. The structural differences between RNA and DNA is that RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid while DNA is double-stranded. Rna also has a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar like dna. Lastly, RNA nucleotides have a uracil base as oppose to a thymine.

3. The messenger RNA is the template for protein synthesis and it forms RNA that carries information form DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA is the central component of the ribosome and it is the protein manufacturing machinery, responsible for protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is the RNA molecules present in the cell that attatch the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized.

4. a. Transcription:

- First the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA strand at a promoter

- unwinds the two strands of DNA and uses one of the DNa strands as a template.

-Matches new nucleotide with their components on the DNA strand, G-C, A-U

-binds new RNA nucleotides to form a copy of the DNA strand (mRNA – polymerase)

-Stops when the sequence stops also known as the stop codon.

b. RNA splicing

- Introns start from the GU sequence and end in the AG sequence. 5’3’.

-Elogation of the RNA molecule happens

- One DNA strand is transcriped

c. Translation:  

- Transfers RNA in sequence of mRNA nucleotide

- The anticodon recognizes the area on mRNA as the codon.

- RNA is transferred.